Social Pressures in Willa Cathers Pauls Case and Alice...

Ambition—the desire to achieve, will to succeed. Every character is defined by his dreams, his goals, and his passions. As individuals, we are confronted with social codes and implications that cause us to revolt and break free from the grasp of uniformity. Oftentimes dreams and ambitions clash with the unwritten laws of civilization. In Willa Cather’s short fiction â€Å"Paul’s Case† and Alice Munro’s â€Å"Boys and Girls†, the protagonists challenge expectations and rebel against settings governed by uniformity and gender-specific roles. Paul rejects conformity and the uniformity of Cordelia Street, while the girl resists the gender roles placed upon her by her mother. Despite being placed in two very similar situations, both characters come to†¦show more content†¦Through such actions of defiance and revolt, she manages to keep herself â€Å"free† from the social gender pressures imposed upon her. This girl feels imprisone d by her family, as she thrives on what is accepted as â€Å"a man’s job†. Furthermore, it is through her imagination that she is able to escape reality, inventing a â€Å"world that is recognizably [her] own†. She imagines â€Å"opportunities for courage, boldness and self-sacrifice,† where she can ride horses and save lives. This young girl’s ambitions and dreams to live a man’s life are impeded by her mother and grandmother’s protests to â€Å"act like a girl†. Imposed expectations, social pressures and uniformity are also thematic concerns paralleled in â€Å"Paul’s Case†. Paul, like the girl, is an aspiring individualist, trapped in the conformist-stricken city of Pittsburg. The setting, for one, is a time where wealth and industry ruled the nation. Paul is secluded to the â€Å"tepid waters† of Cordelia Street, a microcosm of the â€Å"commonness† of the world he despises. Cordelia is depicted as a â€Å"respectable street†, where â€Å"all the houses are exactly alike† and where â€Å"all of whom are exactly as their homes.† This young boy wishes to deviate from the â€Å"accepted† view that education is key and every son must follow in his father’s footsteps. Paul thrives on being a â€Å"model usher† at a local theatre as opposed to devoting himself to arithmetic and school. While his father wants him to be a â€Å"model man†, looked upon as a â€Å"man with a

Behavior Modification Essay - 1380 Words

Behavior modification is happening more frequently than not in today’s society. It enforces and recognizes good behavior in many different circumstances, whether it is used on prison inmates which good behavior is rewarded with incentives, giving your animal a treat for doing a trick or if it is a golden star for a child’s good work done. The famous works of B.F Skinner is heavily involved with behavior modification and the idea that you can condition a human being to have favorable behavioral traits. The carrot and the stick analogy used regarding reward and punishment. Modifying behavior can be a beneficial tool to changing how one acts and thinks, but there will always be an opposing view point that raises controversy if it is ok to†¦show more content†¦Skinners experiments are said to be dated, but the information that was found within these experiments are still valid in today’s psychological practice. The claims and experiments that Skinner founded are still being taught in today’s psychology classes. A claim from the book Beyond Freedom and Dignity by Skinner (1971) himself says â€Å"In short, we need to make vast changes in human behavior, and we cannot make them with the help of nothing,† (4) and leads to say that â€Å"when human behavior begins, technology stops, and that we must carry on, as we have in the past, with what we have learned from personal experience or from those collections of personal experiences called history†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Skinner,1971, p.6.). With behavior modification we need to take a psychological approach as Skinner had mentioned in his book that when human behavior begins, technology ends. The brain responds to stimulus and if the brain responds to reward, then it would turn into a learned behavior. He also believed that the best way to look at and understand behavior was to look at the causes of an action and the consequence that follows. Twenty five hundred years ago a man or a woman might have understood themselves more than anything else than they may have known. Now in today’s society and withShow MoreRelatedBehavior Modification Is The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 PagesBehavior modification is the field of psychology that deals with analyzing and modifying behavior, it does this by identifying the relationships between environmental variables and the behavior of interest to determine why the behavior is used; the analyst then uses that information to develop a strategy of change by developing and implementing procedures that alter environmental events to influence behavior (Miltenberger, 2015). There are a wide variety of applications of Applied Behavior AnalysisRead MoreBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting1117 Words   |  5 PagesBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting Abstract Behavior modification is based on the concepts of observable antecedents, observable behavior, and consequences. A behavior modification program consists of a series of stages to achieve a desired modification of a target behavior. A token economy based behavior modification program that was applied for a full academic year in an entire elementary school,Read MoreThe Approach Of Behavior Modification Within Classrooms924 Words   |  4 Pages Behavior modification can be defined as a technique which focuses on punishment for behaviors that are undesirable and rewards for behaviors that are desirable (Langa, 2014). The approach of behavior modification is based off of the methodologies and findings of a famous psychologist who researched the area of behaviorism, B.F. Skinner. Skinner, also known as the â€Å"Father of Behaviorism,† developed the theory of operant conditioning (Langa, 2014). In his research, Skinner used reinforcements andRead MoreBehavior Modification Therapy For Children855 Words   |  4 Pagesfor inappropriate behaviors. The key in this therapy is to reward the child for good behavior, and it has been proven to have good, long term results. Along with behavior modification therapy there are a few other therapy options that are used to manage and treat ADHD symptoms; Cognitive therapy is one of those options, this therapy aims to help the child learn to better manage certain life skills such as problem solving and self-control. Anger management is also a treatment option that is usedRead MoreThe Behavior Modification Helps A Child With Separation Anxiety Behaviors And A Company Owner1104 Words   |  5 Pagesskills, cognitive skills, self-help, play and motor skills, and behavioral needs. ABA in the workplace can be used to increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors through use of positive and negative reinforcements. In the Case of Emily and that of Mr. Smith I will attempt to go over how Behavior modification can help a child with Separation anxiety behaviors and a company owner having difficulties with their employee’s not showing up to work. Case 1 Emily Reason for Referral: Emily wasRead MoreMethods For Modifying Behavior And Behavior Modification935 Words   |  4 PagesMethods for Modifying Behavior in Children Behavior modification is a treatment technique used to tackle countless problems within children. When children are born discipline and growth comes from the parents. We teach right from wrong. Therefore, we are where the root of the behavior starts. Children must be correctly disciplined by the age of six because if not that child would most likely be a criminal. A child behavior rises from what they learn and their surroundings, so what we teach our childrenRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay example839 Words   |  4 PagesBehavior Modification Behavior Modification, a psychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changedRead MoreBehavior Modification And Operant Conditioning869 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete a successful change in behavior is known as behavior modification. The whole definition of the term as discovered by psychologist B.F Skinner forâ€Å" the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning(McLeod).† The name which went on to be distinguishable from the term classical conditioning which is commonly referenced to the study of Pavlov’s dog. Behavior modification/operant condition is drasticallyRead MoreProfessional Application Of The Behavior Modification Model1303 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication of the behavior modification model. The theoretical basis for this model is behavioral theory. This model emphasizes the client system, but will shift focus to the mezzo system when needed. The process of behavior modification is outlined in detail in this paper. To end the paper, there will be articles that support this model and prove its effectiveness with individuals. Keywords: behavioral theory, behavior modification, individuals Behavior Modification Theoretical ExplanationRead MoreBehavior Modification And Its Effect On Behavior Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviors, are what people do and say, as humans, we notice how certain behaviors can be desirable but also undesirable. Though behavior modification, a person can attempt to alter a specific behavior by analyzing the behavior, and create a personalized plan to modify the behavior. When analyzing the behavior a person needs to decide if the behavior is either is in excess (to decrease the undesirable behavior) or deficit (to increase desirable behavior). Once behavior is the selected, then the person

Market Principle Industrial and Corporate Change

Question: Discuss about the Market Principle for Industrial and Corporate Change. Answer: As the selected product is a high-end technological gadget, the geographic market can be identified as the urban markets. Moreover, as mentioned by Chernenko, S. and Sunderam (2012) the economic status of the countries can also be identified as the components of market segmentation. Here, in the selected case, the target market of a laptop can be distinguished as the developed and developing countries. Demographic segmentation: The demographic segmentation depends on a number of issues. These can be discussed as follows: Age: As mentioned by Brahmbhatt and Acharya (2016) for the technological products, the organizations need to concentrate their marketing strategy to obtain the loyalty of the youngsters. Here, as laptop I a popular product among all age group, the target age group will be 13 to 68. Gender: No gender differentiation is needed for this particular product. Income: As mentioned by Sharma and Lambert (2013) in the last few decades the disposable income of the global customers have been increased. Hence, both the high and middle-income group can be targeted in this regard. Figure 1: The market segmentation Source: Developed by the author Education and social status: As opined by Sharma and Lambert (2013) it is important for the marketers to identify the educational level and social status of the potential customers. It gives them a competitive advantage while developing the appropriate marketing strategy. Here, in the selected case, the educational and social position of the customers can be identified as high level. Psychographic segmentation: According to Sharma and Lambert (2013) one of the major components of market segmentation is Psychographic segmentation. Here, in the case of segmenting the market for laptops, the target customers are the ones who love to use the technological gadgets. As mentioned by Pandiya et al. (2016) the tech savvy, extrovert as well as the introvert peoples can be identified as the target customers for technological products. Benefit and Usage-rate Segmentation: Here, in the discussed context, the target customers will be the students, the professional executives and freelancers. Based on the benefit segmentation, it can be identified that the product offering i.e. laptops will target the professionals who use laptops for their official tasks, the freelancers (as computers are their major equipment) and the students for their educational requirements. The targeting strategies: As mentioned by Wilson and Gilligan (2012) the revelation of lack of strong differentiation among the potential customer segments that the company is going to serve, Undifferentiated marketing is needed to be followed by the organizations. Here, in the selected case, an undifferentiated targeting strategy will be used. A single marketing mix is needed to be made by the company to target the potential customers. The traditional promotional strategies can be used here. However, as discussed previously, a certain range of differentiation can be noticed within the customer groups. Hence, differentiated targeting can also be opted for achieveving a better level of marketing success. For targeting the customers, the company can used the following strategies: Discounts and product offerings: As mentioned by Brahmbhatt and Acharya (2016) while targeting the youngsters, providing occasional discounts and free gifts can be helpful in attracting them. On the other hand, for the specified customers, like the freelancers and professionals additional and customized utility packages can be served. The availability: As mentioned by Wilson and Gilligan (2012) depending on the psychograph of the target market the distribution strategy should be shaped. As the target market is the professionals and the students, online as well as physical availability is a great idea for targeting the customers. The price: As mentioned by Pandiya et al. (2016) this particular market is too competitive. Hence, it will be best to opt for a competitive pricing policy. The huge competition will not let the premium pricing to be successful. Thus, the above-discussed targeting strategies will be useful for attracting the target customers. Positioning bases: Identifying the market position of the competitors as well as the brand itself is important for the companies to identifying the consumer base and the potential profit count. As mentioned by Cross et al. (2015) identifying the position of the brand is a process that marketers use to communicate their brands' characteristics to the target customers, depending on the needs, competitiveness, and existing communication channels. Hence, it is important for the brands to identify the position of the brand as well as the competitors. Here, in the following diagram an idea has been provided about the positioning of the popular laptop brands of the modern market. Figure 2: Brand positioning of modern laptop manufacturing companies Source: (Pandiya et al. 2016) Hence, it can be noted that Apple or the MAC laptops can be identified a high performing and high priced product in market. In such a context, as mentioned by Brahmbhatt and Acharya (2016) to grab the good range of customers the price need to be lower. It will be helpful in collecting the customer base, which Apple is losing for its high price level. On the other hand, on the lower price stature, a number of competitors are prevailing. Hence, to obtain a good level if competitive advantage, the service quality need to be exceeded the level of the competitors. However, to meet this challenge, the price needs to be uplifted but not much. As mentioned by Bruggeman et al. (2012) it will be helpful in obtaining customer satisfaction and good brand image. Conclusion: Hence, from this discussion, it can be noted that Laptops cannot be identified as a general or basic requirement of an individual. As discussed previously, it holds a high place in the Maslows Hierarchy Model. It has a very important implication on the marketing strategy of the product. On the other hand, this particular product involves the target customers who are the professionals with a good professional background, technological competency and high social status. All these variables have influenced the marketing strategy of the product. As opined by Cuadros and Domnguez (2014) by identifying the appropriate customers for the product offerings the organizations can ensure better profit count, low marketing cost and better customer satisfaction. In addition, an appropriate brand positioning is also needed for lying down the appropriate targeting strategy. Hence, it can be identified that a number of issues are interconnected and hold an important implication in the success of a co mpany. References: Brahmbhatt, A.C. and Acharya, S., 2016. Mapping of Consumers Perception for Laptop. PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research, 4(9). (https://worldwidejournals.in/ojs/index.php/pijr/article/view/6103) Bruggeman, J., Grunow, D., Leenders, M.A., Vermeulen, I. and Kuilman, J.G., 2012. Market positioning: the shifting effects of niche overlap. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(6), pp.1451-1477. ( https://icc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/6/1451.short) Chernenko, S. and Sunderam, A., 2012. The real consequences of market segmentation.Review of Financial Studies,25(7), pp.2041-2069. ( https://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/7/2041.short) Cross, J.C., Belich, T.J. and Rudelius, W., 2015. How marketing managers use market segmentation: an exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13254-9_107#page-1) Cuadros, A.J. and Domnguez, V.E., 2014. Customer segmentation model based on value generation for marketing strategies formulation. Estudios Gerenciales, 30(130), pp.25-30. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S012359231400045X) Pandiya, D.K., Kumar, B. and Chakraborty, D., 2016. Factors Influencing Laptop Buying Behavior a Study on Students Pursuing Ug/Pg in Computer Science Department of Assam University. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5(12). (https://worldwidejournals.in/ojs/index.php/ijar/article/view/2961) Sharma, A. and Lambert, D.M., 2013. Segmentation of markets based on customer service. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. (https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09600039410757649) Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012. Strategic marketing management. Routledge. (https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=LWYABAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Strategic+marketing+managementots=SSP5xOJAoAsig=r_bFkyX1i5XYaHhHMGpLW38OgxM#v=onepage q=Strategic%20marketing%20managementf=false)

Writing Essays (702 words) - Communication Design, Writer, Diary

Writing Reasons Let's look at the question, "Why write?" There are many reasons in which people choose to write, too many to list here. However, in the following pages you will find a categorization of the main reasons authors choose to transfer their thoughts from their mind to paper. To begin, we will start with writing to record a memory. This is one of the most common motives for people to write. There are two types of recording memories, keeping a journal and writing a memoir. Both accomplish same purpose, preserving the memory for future reference and bringing some sort of order to the experience. The act of keeping a journal is for personal reflection. Many refer to a journal in the same manner they refer to a diary, but they are two separate forms of writing. A diary is a daily accord of the events that happened, whereas a journal will include reflections and observations of the events. Journals give somewhat of a snapshot into the time in which it was written. Memoir appropriately comes from the Latin word for memory. The focus is usually on the writer's experiences with a person, place, or event. In comparison to a journal, the main difference lies in the intended audience. A journal is for the writer only, while a memoir is written with the purpose of communicating the memory to others. In 'Finishing School' by Maya Angelou, she writes a memoir to tell of her upbringing as a black child being taught white female etiquette. Here, her intentions of the piece is to give an understanding of what it was like for her as an underprivileged slave child to interact with her white peers in the 1930's. Writers write to explore the self. To most, this is the easiest form of self-discovery. While this purpose is somewhat similar to writing to record memories, the emphasis is different. The writing is produced to give a medium to look into your past, present, and even future. You can mediate on your feelings or examine relationships. In the end, it will provide the writer a deeper knowledge and understanding of themselves. Writers write to explore an idea. Here, the work is written only for personal uses, to aid the writer in discovery of yet unobtained thoughts and ideas. It is much like thinking out loud, just without the oral effort. Usually, the writing is without structure. It resembles Freud's free association in many ways, you start at nothing and a chain of thoughts will lead you to a conclusion. Writers write to interpret information. It is used to tell the why's and the how's. Information is presented within the work to reveal what isn't readily apparent to the audience. Why is Africa a desert? How did it become a desert? These are the types questions in which the answers will be explained to the audience in a descriptive, analytical way giving facts, interpretations, and definitions. Writers write to amuse others. The purpose is to bring pleasure others, making them laugh or smile. Humor, the most often used form of amusement, is a great tension breaker poking fun at things we all make fun of but would greatly miss if abandoned. Satire is another form of amusement, and personally my favorite. It is used to point attention at the flaws of society through a sometimes comical, sometimes cruel reference. One of my personal favorite satirical works is 'A Modest Proposal' by Jonathan Swift. In this, he solves the burden of the growing number of Irish children by suggesting the more affluent population eat them. Writers write to persuade others. This persuasion can range from simple advertising to scholarly arguments. Whether you are applying for a job, trying to sell personal items, or maybe placing a personal ad, you are trying to convince others to do something you want. With all situations, and probably the reason you are writing to persuade rather than to explain, you will face opposition. Whether you are writing to respond or attack, the focus of the paper will remain the same, to make people do what you want. What I have outlined is just a large categorization of writers reasoning to put thoughts to paper. A guideline as to why someone writes hasn't been created, and definitely will never be. A writer writes for numerous reasons ranging from making a convincing argument to making a shopping list. All do one thing. The work created serves the purpose the author intended to. So write, I say.