Primate distribution in southern India

Primate distribution in southern India Primate distribution in southern India The Western Ghats of India is one of the biological ‘hot spots’ of the world (Myers et al., 2000). The western slopes and the ridges of these hills are covered with evergreen tropical rainforests. The eastern slopes and the adjoining Deccan plateau harbor mainly deciduous forests. The Western Ghats are divided into two regions: the southern and the northern Western Ghats, south and north of the Palghat Gap respectively. The rainforest regions are particularly rich in arboreal mammals and avifauna. Among the mammals, the most obvious species are primates and squirrels. The distribution of nonhuman primates varies in the two regions of the Western Ghats. Lion-tailed macaques occur from the southern tip of the Western Ghats, up to north of Sharavathy River, where the rainforests of the medium altitude end. Bonnet macaques and Hanuman langurs occur throughout the Ghats. The distribution of Nilgiri langur from the southern tip of the Western Ghats ends in the north at Brahmag iri, the region which also marks the end of Cullenia dominated forests (Pascal, 1988). South of Brahmagiri Hills, all four primate species are found in the forests of the Ghats. Primarily, bonnet macaques and Hanuman langurs are found in the dry deciduous forests of the eastern slopes, whereas lion-tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs are found in the rainforests at the ridge and the western slopes. Each major forest type, therefore, is inhabited by a macaque which is a frugivorous species, and a langur which is a folivorous species. In certain areas of the southern Western Ghats, the bonnet macaques seasonally intrude into the rainforests and become transiently sympatric with lion-tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs (Sushma, 2004). Habitat specialists and habitat generalists Species that make use of a wide range of resources or habitats are generalists and they tend to be widely distributed, whereas species that make use of a narrow range of resources or habitats are specialists and they often have a limited distribution (Brown, 1984; Hanski, 1982; Hanski and Gyllenberg, 1997). According to Hanski and Gyllenberg (1997), the biogeographic distribution patterns of specialists are the result of their using relatively smaller habitats than those exploited by generalist’s species. Generalists and specialists use different cues to locate their habitat and necessary resources. The ecological niche occupied by a species results from trade-offs in the fitness gained in different habitats or on different resources, and the level of specialization of an organism should reflect these trade-offs (Bonsall et al. 2004). Generalists have an advantage in exploiting a wider range of resources, whereas specialists are assumed to be more efficient at using a particular resource (Strickler 1979). To survive and reproduce organisms must extract energy from substances present in the environment. However, not all organisms extract the same energy from the same sub-stances. Different organisms may specialize in the type of food they eat. The internal food-processing mechanism of an organism (gut, colon, metabolism, etc.) tends to become adapted to the particular diet in such a way that the quantity of energy the organism is able to extract from each food type is determined evolutionarily. Langurs Langurs could be considered a model for the study of social organization since they inhabit variety of ecological conditions (Sterck, 1999; Karanth et al, 2010; Karanth, 2010). They are known to exploit diverse habitats from thick forests to human dominated landscapes (Fooden, 1980; Prater, 1993; Kumara et al, 2009; Sharma et al, 2009). Even though certain traits such as male dispersal (Rajpurohit, 1987; Rajpurohit and Mohnot,1988; Sommer and Rajpurohit, 1989; Rajpurohit and Sommer, 1993; Launhardt et al, 2001; Borries et al, 2004; Sharma et al 2009;), female philopatry (Sterck, 1997; Sterck, 1998; Koenig, 2000; Koenig et al 2004; Sterck, 2005), infant transfer (Poirier, 1968; McKenna, 1979; Scollay, 1980; Stanford, 1992;Kumar, 2005; Brent, 2008) etc. are common to all langur species, striking habitat related differences are observed in their group composition and social organization (Sterck, 1998; Koenig et al, 1998; Sterck,1999; Harris, 2006; Snaith Chapman, 2007; Wich Sterck, 20 07). Hence studies on inter-specific differences in behavioral ecology of langurs can provide insight into some of the crucial questions of social systems and individual behavior patterns of these species. Hanuman langurs / Nilgiri langurs South Asia is home to 15 species of langurs (Walker Molur, 2007). Nilgiri langurs are usually found in tropical evergreen forests of the Western Ghats at an altitude of 500 meter above sea level (Sunderraj, 2001; Sunderraj Johnsingh, 2001) whereas the Hanuman langurs are distributed all over the Indian subcontinent-including several species/subspecies such as S. e. achates, S. e. hypoleucos/S. hypoleucos, S. e. priam/S. priam priam (Kumara et al, 2009; Sharma et al, 2009; Karanth et al, 2010; Karanth, 2010). Nilgiri langurs are known to be largely habitat specialists (Singh et al 1997; Sunderraj, 1998) and Hanuman langurs are habitat generalists (Kumara et al,2009; Sharma et al; 2009). Because of a restricted range of occurrence, it is expected that the Nilgiri langurs show less genetic variability and thus less flexibility than the Hanuman langurs. Nilgiri langurs are mainly arboreal (Poirier, 1968; Sunderraj, 2001) whereas Hanuman langurs tend to be more terrestrial (Roonwal Moh not, 1977). Hanuman langurs are more adaptable influenced by availability and distribution of food (Chhangani Mohnot, 2006). Home ranges of Hanuman langurs are larger and they overlap extensively (Chalise, 1995; Chhangani, 2000; Chhangani Mohnot, 2006). Nilgiri langurs are more territorial and occupy smaller home ranges (Poirier, 1968; Sushma, 2004). In Hanuman langurs, the groups can be one male bisexual, multimale bisexual or all male band groups (Borries, 1997; Koenig et al, 1997; Sharma et al, 2009) and Nilgiri langurs are primarily one male bisexual groups (Poirier, 1968; Sunderraj, 2001). Behavioural studies on Hanuman langurs have been intensively carried out at various locations in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka (Monhot and Srivastava, 1992; Rajpurohit et al. 1994). However, in India, these studies have been conducted mainly in arid environment (Rajpurohit et al. 1994) and in dry/moist deciduous forests (Vasudev, 2006). Hanuman langurs are successful in their ability to adapt to a wide variety of habitats showing high social flexibility making them the ideal species for studies. However, very little has been known about the rainforest Hanuman langurs expect for one study on feeding ecology (Singh et al, 2011; Roy et al. 2012). It will be of interest to explore the social adaptations in the rainforest Hanuman langurs and to see how their behavior have evolved in comparison to arid environment. Studies on Nilgiri langurs suggest that the social structure and relationships and their behavioural patterns resemble that of Hanuman langurs (Poirier, 1968; Tanaka, 1965). Changes in ecological factors like habitat destruction and fragmentation, langur habitats may have been reduced leading to changes in group composition and social system (Sunderraj and Johnshingh, 2001). The present study will be conducted to better understand both langur species’ behavioural patterns and social systems to explore and carry out comparative analysis on differences in their present environmental conditions. The aim of the present study is to employ same methodology to study the behavioral ecology of Nilgiri langurs and Hanuman langurs and attempt a quantitative comparative analysis. Hence, the study has been designed with the following title. Looking for behavioral flexibility TRAITS TO BE STUDIED Life history traits On the base of the above mentioned differences between the two species. The life history of hanuman langur is expected to be more of r-type and Nilgiri langur to be more of K-type. Being primarily the dwellers of rainforests, Nilgiri langurs are expected to be more efficiency oriented whereas Hanuman langurs, being habitat generalists, are expected to be more reproductive efficiency oriented. This may result in differences in birth dynamics such as net reproductive rates, duration of infant dependency on the mother and infant development patterns. It is also suggested that different habitats and group dynamics may have an influence on reproductive (Rajpurohit et al, 1994) or competitive efficiency. Social system Large interspecific variation in group size is seen in Hanuman langurs (Sterck, 1998; Sterck, 1999; Sharma et al, 2009) whereas Nilgiri langurs tend to cluster around the mean (Joseph Ramachandran, 2001; Sunderraj, 2001). Female between group aggressions and infanticide (Rajpurohit et al, 2003; Rajpurohit Chhangani, 2003; Sharma et al, 2009) has been recorded only in Hanuman langur (Sterck, 1998) and not in any other langur species (Van schaik1992). Although the moving range of Nilgiri langur and Hanuman langur are found to be similar (0.1km and 0.15km respectively), Nilgiri langurs are said to travel less due to availability and abundance of food resources in their habitat (Tanaka, 1965). The Nilgiri langur has a unimale social system which is formed when juvenile males in a group mature to adulthood and then the group fissions into smaller unimale groups. In Hanuman langurs, group composition is formed according to the availability and distribution of food and space. There are three types of groups in Hauman Langurs, which are unimale, multimale and all male groups. A linear hierarchy exists amongst the females in Nilgiri langur where as in Hanuman langurs dominance hierarchy among females is less definitive than among males. Dominance hierarchies in Hanuman langurs were found to be significantly linear and relatively stable, but less so with increasing group size (Koenig, 2000). Individual behaviour Compared to Macaca, langurs show less frequent individual behavior differences (Tanaka, 1965). Although Nilgiri langur and Hanuman langur are relatively similar in their group size, composition and organization and also in behavioural patterns, intra- and inter- group activities are seen less in Nilgiri langurs when compared to Hanuman langurs. Behaviors like grooming, mounting and presenting, juvenile plays, etc were observed to be less frequent among Nilgiri langurs. Sugiyama (1965) observed that langurs travel widely when the food availability was sparse. In Nilgiri langurs, the habitat is usually forage abundant and good quality resulting in lesser travel. In Hanuman langurs the range size differs on the availability and quality of food in their distributional habitat/zone. As a result, more varied vocal communication is expected in Hanuman langurs than Nilgiri langurs. STUDY GROUPS One group each of Hanuman Langur and Nilgiri langur has been selected. Hanuman langur – Many intensive studies have been carried out on the populations of Hanuman langurs in arid, deciduous and semi-evergreen habitats. Since there is a lack of systematic and long-term study on rainforest Hanuman langurs, the present study will be carried out in rainforests of the Western Ghats at Gerusoppa, Uttara Kannada district. A unimale group (total 17) with 8 females, 5 juveniles/subadults and 3 infants has been selected. Nilgiri langur- For comparative analysis, a study group in Nelliyampathy, Kerala (Western Ghats) has been selected. A unimale group (total 14) with 8 femals, 3 juveniles and 2 infants has been selected. STUDY AREA The study area is low altitude degraded coastal evergreen rainforest in the Western Ghats of north Karnataka in Uttara Kannada district (Gerusoppa). Forest is mainly Dipterocarpus-Holigarna-Persia species with an average altitude of 650 m with an average annual precipitation of 4200mm with relatively high humidity of 95%. Ecologically this stretch of forest is important because, this is the northern most distribution of lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) which is sympatric with bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) and western hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus achates) (Kumara and Singh, 2004). Nelliyampathy is a Hill Station on the Western Ghats mountain ranges in Palakkad, Kerala. The green lush forest covers the whole hill area with coffee, tea, cardamom, vegetable and orange plantations. Nelliyampathy plateau lies at an altitude of 500-1000m. Major vegetation is evergreen, semi evergreen and moist deciduous. The forest mainly comprises of Cullenia, Mesua and Palaquim (Ramachandran and Joseph 2000). Three species of primates namely Bonnet Macaque, Lion tailed Macaque and Nilgiri langur are found in this habitat. Study Parameteres 1. To study the general activity pattern of the study species a. What are the different types of activity they do? b. What is the duration of different observed activities of each species? 2. To study the different social behaviour within a single group of each species a. Which are the socio-positive behaviour (like play, groom, inter- individual distances etc.) within a single group? b. Which are socio-negative behaviour (aggression, fight, bark etc.) within a single group? c. What kind of reproductive behaviour are shown in the adult individuals of a single group? 3. To study the inter-group interaction of each study species a. What is frequency of inter-group interaction with the neighbouring group of each study species? b. What kind of inter-group interaction they show with their neighbouring group? 4. To study the demography and social structures of the study species a. What is the group size of each study species? b. What is the age-sex ratio of the respective groups? OBSERVATIONAL METHODS Three methods have been adopted in this study for data collection they are: Ad libitum sampling The data is in the form of notes for events as and when they occur. We simply note down whatever is visible and seems relevant at that time. The events include identity of the individual and direction of agonistic encounter like threat, attack, dominance mount, subordinate present and displacement among individuals of a group. It is useful during preliminary observation or for recording rare but important facts. Focal animal sampling One individual was the focus of observations during a particular sample period of 5 minutes-Usually for several different categories of behaviour. What is recorded here is the behaviour of those individuals that are most easily observed. The choice of the focal individual is determined prior to the observation. During this period the time spent by the individual on different activities is recorded. It is also important to record certain aspects of other individual’s behaviour such as interaction with others and to whom a behaviour is directed. When the focal individual moves completely out of sight the recording would be stopped until it is visible again. Scan Sampling Instantaneous sampling or scan sampling was used here to study the different activity pattern of the individual animals. The methods involved collecting data on all visible individuals of the group. This was done for a period of 5min in which each individual was observed and data was collected through a pre-formatted data sheet. Data on distance between the individuals (any two particular individuals, one is nearest and other is distant one at an instant of time) was collected through scan sampling. During a scan, the data was gathered on: Date; Time; Individual (with identity); Activity (including Resting, Ranging, Foraging; Feeding on insects, Feeding on plant (specify the plant part being used), Social behavior; Substratum used (while feeding on insects); Place (tree or ground); Height of the tree; Height at individual was seen; Plant species (when the individual fed on plant food). Definition of Activities: Resting – Passivity lasting at least 5 seconds; Ranging – Travel and movement; Feeding – Ingestion of plant or animal food; Foraging – Searching for food; Social behavior – Any interaction between/among conspecific individuals. Study Period The study on Nilgiri langurs was carried out in Nelliyampathy reserve forest, nenmara forest division in Palakkad district of kerala.We observed the group of Nilgiri langurs from December 2010 to April 2011 and from April 2012 to January 2013 as a part of a large study on the behavior of primates in the Western Ghats. The amount of time spent on focal animal sampling was 235 h and 915 scans were collected. The study on S.hypoleucos was carried out in Gerusoppa forest division in the state of Karnataka.We observed the group of S.hypoleucos from January 2011 to April 2012 as part of the same study. The amount of time spent on focal animal sampling was 270 h and 1070 scans.

stock :: essays research papers

Khaled Bitar What were the causes of the 1929 stock market crash and the 1987 stock market crash? What are the differences between the causes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1920s stock was first issued by companies. Companies issued stock after they went public in order to make money. When traders buy stock, they were buying from the company and a stake in the company. On October 24, 1929, (a.k.a. Black Thursday) the stock market fell 9% and five days later the market fell an unprecedented 17.3%. About 29 million shares of stock changed owners causing, at the time, the biggest stock market crash in the history of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the decade before the crash, America was thriving and production was soaring. The GNP increased by 40% and average income grew 30% throughout the decade. There was an abnormally high level of investment and traders were overwhelmed with confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the stock market crashed on Black Thursday, traders were still confident because of President Hoover’s declaration that a recovery was imminent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the general optimism, the market crashed again causing the great depression. The effects were devastating. Over the next three years, the unemployment rate rose to 13.6 million people and GNP decreased 45 million dollars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many causes to the 1929 stock market crash including speculation, WWI, Foreign investment, and a scandal that could have played a minor role.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1929 stock market was a bull market fueled by speculation. Speculation inflated stock prices beyond what they were worth because of the large amount of traders. Speculation is when traders think that a stock has much more value and potential then it really does. Traders would buy a stock that they think is thriving and when they realize that the company is losing money, they sell causing the market to decrease. (i.e. people investing in ebay and then selling after seeing ebay’s earnings.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many investors were not very experienced and they believed that whenever their stock went down, they felt selling was the best option which fueled the crash even further.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of the thriving market, many loaned money from banks and invested in the stock market. When it crashed, they could not pay back the loans and the banks lost money. The market misled the banks as they thought loaning traders money would be very lucrative. The Federal Reserve was a cause of the 1929 stock market crash because it essentially owned the government and fueled the speculation.

Case Study Jyske Bank Essay

Jyske Bank was established in 1967 after merging four Danish banks operating in Jutland. Jyske Bank had been considered as a typical Danish bank, which is prudent, conservative, well managed and undifferentiated till the late 1990s. However, with the new strategy, the bank developed to guide differentiation from the mid of 1990s among great amount of Danish banking customer satisfaction. Q1. What is Jyske Bank’s new positioning or competitive differentiation strategy? Base on the case, Jyske Bank’s new positioning strategy is strongly believed to be developed from its core values and Jyske Differences by the managers. In order to achieve Jyske Differences, which comes from Jyske Bank’s core values, the bank’s managers just became overt about values they had long held. The core values allow managers to reevaluate how the bank operate and service its consumers. Therefore, managers decided to have some specific practices that deliver service differently from both how it had in the past, and how other banks delivered service. In other words, they would have to change their conservative position of the past and become a service driven and customer innovative bank within the competitive banking sector. With the assistant of Dutch consultant that the research findings showed the target market consisting mainly of Dutch families (60% retail) and small Danish businesses (40% commercial), were favorable towards the idea of bank that had a persona and believed in what it stood for. Additional research was also conducted in more difficult areas concerning the banks 4P’s- Product, Place, Price and Promotion from a customer orientated standpoint. In contrast, soft factors such as customer relationships with the bank, served as the bank’s differentiation. From Exhibit 1, which indicates that Danish Banks were in intensive competition, Jyske Bank’s managers should reestablish its competitive position, it went through a major transformation and positioned itself as a highly customer-focused bank, eager to foster relationships with customers, understand their needs and sell solutions accordingly. Jyske Bank’s new positioning is only targeted less risky customers who could afford its premium pricing and were comfortable with the banks candid personality and portrayed image. Although after that the bank  is only about 6% of the market, but that is what call personality, some people should dislike them. Jyske Bank’s competitive differentiation strategy was born out of its ‘values and differences’ discussed in the case Exhibit 4, which emphasized equality, transparency, honesty, respect and efficiency. The aim was to have these values embedded in each of the external customer-facing and internal aspects of its business and operations and distinguish itself from competition. Jyske Bank differentiated itself on the service delivery aspect and invested in tools that would improve its employee’s ability to deliver solutions and increase the time spent with its customers. Thus, the competitive differentiation strategies mainly contain a shift from traditional product focused selling to a customer- solution approach and the way the bank’s core financial product to deliver so as to give customers a different banking experience. Q2. What changes did the bank make to gat to its new position? What effect did these changes have? In order to successfully implement its new customer- focused strategy, Jyske bank had to make both tangible and intangible changes in their business operations, as well as how they delivered service to its customers, where necessary not only to influence the outcome of the business but also to provide guaranteed customer satisfaction. These changes were made to reflect Jyske Differences in every possible way. The tangible changes they made were changes to the account teams, branch design, and details. To be more specifically, account teams were created to work together and provide personalized service to each customer to foster customer intimacy and increase understanding of customer needs. The branch interiors were remodeled to make the customers feel welcomed and cared for. The round table design, similarity in chairs and customers sitting near the employees’ workstations was deliberate as it helped in the effective use of IT programs designed to structure interactions between account team members and consumers, that facilities the employee’s ability to deliver solutions and save time. Settle a cafà © inside the branch that provides homely environment to consumers. Those visible screens also reinforced the portray openness of information with the customer. The intangible changes were training involved  teambuilding and consumer service, empowering the branches as well as throughout the bank, management style, and human resources. The effect of these strategic changes as lead to an increase in customer satisfaction based on data collected by independent third parties and has the highest customer satisfaction level among its major competitors. Q3. Analysis Jyske Bank’s success using the Service Quality gaps Model. (e.g. what are Jyske Bank’s strategies for closing each of the 5 gaps in the model?) Service Quality gaps ModelJyske Banks’s success The customer gapThe bank was able to close this gap because providing customer with their superior services. They had only targeted the premium customer’s to whom the price did not matter. As a result of which they were able to provide the customers high quality services and were able to achieve minimum customer gap and highly satisfied customers. The listening gap (Not knowing what customer expect)Refer to competitive positioning of the bank; the â€Å"soft factors† relating to individual customer relationship are relatively important. Jyske Bank changed the way they deliver services and had come out with IT tool to first figure out the customer’s problem and expectations. They had dedicated a team of 4 employees per customer to get a better understanding of customer’s problems. A good marketing research orientation also benefits to decline the listening gap. They conducted surveys to detect customers’ expectations. Thus they highlighted that customers’ expectations had changed: factors like price, product or location had become â€Å"basics† for customers, who focused more on differentiating factors like bankers’ behavior and interest toward customers. Finally, the firm developed an effective relationship focus on what consumers need. They first decided to specialize only on t wo customer segments, Danish Families and Small-to-medium-sized companies, and to focus only on people sharing the Jyske Bank values. This strategy made it easier to understand customers’ expectations and to build long- term relationship with them. The service design and standards gap (Not selecting the right service quality designs and standards)To close the poor service design, absence of customer- driven standards and inappropriate physical evidence, the bank assigned a small team of branch bankers to serve each customer, which provided its customer with the best in class service in terms of the customer solutions and also provided customers with the best infrastructure facilities to make them feel at home, e.g. cafà ©, fruit juice, openness of banker’s screen. The service performance gap (Not delivering to service designs and standards)In human resource policies, the bank has an effective recruitment that looking for social abilities instead of banking skills. Jyske Bank was successfully able to retain its employees and provide them with adequate trainings. Jyske was not only the leader in customer satisfaction but was also a leader in employee satisfaction as well. The employees were provided with good incentives and were kept happy so that they could work. The communication gap (Not matching performance to promise)The bank provided interactive marketing communication plan to the customers that all the possible information that the customer required all the solutions are delivered to consumers. Jyske Bank also implemented a good upward communication to employees. According to their re-organization of the structure (dissolution of headquarters), which leaded to less layers between top management and front-line employees, and thanks to a good intern communication between managers and contact employees, customers’ expectations were transmitted easily and quickly trough the firm. Most employees like working for Jyske and appreciate to Jyske Difference. Q4. In your opinion can Jyske Bank’s sustain its growth and success? Would you invest in Jyske Bank? I think Jyske Bank can continue its growth and success and I am willing to invest in Jyske Bank. Because the bank already has its own competitive positioning that they made a lot of changes on service delivery in both tangible and intangible sides. Secondly, the leadership that Jyske Bank  established is also an important reason, Jyske was the largest and most richly- priced bank in Demark in 2003, and they achieved the leadership in customer and employee satisfaction, which enable Jyske to step further. According to the net income increased considerably, shareholders could receive growing annual return in coming years. Besides, Jyske Bank’s core value is to gain the balance among their three stakeholders: employees, customers and shareholders. â€Å"They were more interested in determining how the bank could remain in a position of leadership while still keeping the interests of its key stakeholders in balance.† Reference: http://thefinancialbrand.com/2893/jyske-bank-branch/

Diabetes And Drug Treatment Of Diabetes - 799 Words

Diabetes and Drug Treatments Diabetes represents one of the most challenging disorders facing the United States population. Diabetes can be classified as Diabetes Mellitus type I, Diabetes Mellitus type II, Gestational Diabetes, and secondary diabetes from other conditions. At least 90% of diabetes is type 2, and the complications could be avoided by carefully managing hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia (Wilbur, 2013). Therefore, the healthcare industry is spending vast amounts of time and money treating a disease which is largely preventable. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pathophysiology of the different classifications, drug treatment, and dietary considerations of Diabetes Mellitus. The impact and drug treatment of Diabetes Mellitus type I is explained, along with a description of a technique useful in educating patients on the standards of medical care in diabetic patients. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Type I diabetes is due to a lack of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency. An autoimmune attack occurs and antibodies develop in the blood, insulin slowly decreases, and blood glucose levels rise. Juvenile diabetes was always thought to be type I diabetes until recently. Due to childhood obesity levels rising, there has been an increase in type II diabetes in children age 10 to 19. Type II diabetes can be due to insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, elevated glucose production by the liver, or all of the mechanisms.Show MoreRelatedDiabetes Is The Most Common Form Of Diabetes849 Words   |  4 PagesType 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in adults. It accounts for approximately 90%-95% of diagnosed diabetes in adults in the United States (cdc.gov, n.d.). Newly diagnose cases of diabetes tripled from 1980-2011 in the United States. It is a costly and deadly disease. 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